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81.
维生素A是肉牛维持正常生理功能、生化代谢及生长发育所必需的一类脂溶性维生素,机体自身不能合成,必须由饲粮供给。饲粮中维生素A不仅影响肉牛视觉和骨骼发育,也对肉牛脂肪沉积和肌肉大理石花纹形成等发挥着重要调控作用。在生产中,肉牛处在不同生理阶段对维生素A的需要量也不同,胎牛和犊牛阶段补充维生素A可增强肌内脂肪细胞发育和脂肪细胞增生,促进肌内脂肪沉积;育肥期限饲维生素A可提高肉牛的肌内脂肪沉积和大理石花纹等级。大理石花纹与牛肉的嫩度和风味密切相关,是衡量牛肉品质的重要指标。维生素A在肉牛体内通过其活性代谢产物视黄醇、视黄醛和视黄酸促进脂肪的形成,并在成脂定型、成脂分化和脂质蓄积的每个阶段都发挥重要作用。脂肪沉积过程受转录因子过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors,PPARs)、CCAAT增强子结合蛋白(CCAAT-enhancer binding proteins,C/EBPs)和Janus激酶-信号转导及转录激活因子(JAK-STAT)信号转导通路等调控。表观遗传修饰的DNA甲基化和去甲基化也可通过调控脂肪形成过程中相关基因的表达参与脂肪细胞的分化和脂肪组织的生长发育,从而影响肉牛的脂肪沉积。作者主要介绍了脂肪组织不同阶段的形成过程和维生素A的生物学功能;重点阐述了肉牛在不同生理阶段补充和限饲维生素A,通过转录因子的表达、表观遗传修饰等途径来影响成脂相关信号通路调控脂肪沉积的机理,以期为促进维生素A改善肉牛品质和高档牛肉生产提供参考。 相似文献
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近年来,伴随我国畜牧业蓬勃发展的同时,为了更大限度的提高母畜的受胎率和充分利用优秀种畜的基因,人工授精技术得到了不断完善和发展,并在全国各地广泛推广和应用。本文结合实践经验总结出的一些技术措施,阐述了对早胜牛这一地方优良种质资源进行保种和开发利用的重要意义,同时指出人工授精技术和低温冷冻保存精液技术在早胜牛上的实践,对于进一步开发利用培育优质高产肉牛新品种,促进肉牛产业高质量发展具有非常重要的现实意义。通过早胜牛种公牛采精的全过程以及细管冻精制作要点的详细讲解,低温冷冻保存精液技术,可更经济、可靠地实现家畜品种资源的保护,让优良基因长时间保存使得后续研究需要得到保障。 相似文献
86.
赭曲霉毒素A对肉鸡毒性作用的研究进展 《畜牧与饲料科学》2021,42(3):47-52
霉菌毒素污染是影响动物饲料安全的重要因素。赭曲霉毒素A(ochratoxin A,OTA)广泛存在于肉鸡饲料原料中。众多研究表明,OTA对肉鸡具有肾毒性、肝毒性、细胞毒性、遗传毒性、致癌性、致畸性、免疫毒性和肠道毒性等,给肉鸡养殖业带来了巨大的经济损失,也对动物和人类的健康造成威胁。对国内外OTA研究进展进行总结归纳,从诱导机体产生肠毒性、肝毒性、肾毒性和免疫毒性四方面阐述OTA对肉鸡的致毒机制,为深入研究OTA提供参考。 相似文献
87.
Two 60‐day experiments were conducted sequentially to determine (i) lysine requirement of juvenile bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus based on the dose–response method, (ii) requirements for other essential amino acids (EAAs) using whole‐body amino acid profile and (iii) whether differences in growth rates of group‐housed versus individually‐housed bluegills lead to different lysine requirement levels because of the presence and absence, respectively, of social hierarchies. Seven, semi‐purified, experimental diets (isonitrogenous, isocaloric) were prepared to contain graded levels of digestible lysine (10–31 g kg−1). Experiment‐1 involved group‐housed bluegills (approximately 27 g, n = 10 fish/chamber, 4 chambers/diet) whereas experiment‐2 involved individually‐housed bluegills (approximately 30 g, n = 1 fish/chamber, 14 chambers/diet). Fish were fed twice daily to apparent satiation. Bluegill growth responses in both experiments generally improved (P < 0.05, anova ) with increasing dietary lysine levels from 10 to 16 g kg−1, and then levelled off with further increase in lysine level (P > 0.05). Optimal dietary lysine level (digestible basis) was estimated to be 15 g kg−1 based on broken‐line regression analyses of relative growth rate and feed conversion ratio with no differences being observed between the two rearing methods. Determined dietary requirement levels for other EAAs ranged from 2.4 g kg−1 (tryptophan) to 15.3 g kg−1 (leucine). 相似文献
88.
Gut-lung axis injury is a common finding in patients with respiratory diseases as well as in animal model of influenza virus infection. Influenza virus damages the intestinal microecology while affecting the lungs. Rifaximin, a non-absorbable derivative of rifamycin, is an effective antibiotic that acts by inhibiting bacterial RNA synthesis. This study aimed to determine whether rifaximin-perturbation of the intestinal microbiome leads to protective effects against influenza infection, via the gut-lung axis. Our results showed that influenza virus infection caused inflammation of and damage to the lungs. The expression of tight junction proteins in the lung and colon of H1N1 infected mice decreased significantly, attesting that the barrier structure of the lung and colon was damaged. Due to this perturbation in the gut-lung axis, the intestinal microbiota became imbalanced as Escherichia coli bacteria replicated opportunistically, causing intestinal injury. When influenza infection was treated with rifamixin, qPCR results from the gut showed significant increases in Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium populations, while Escherichia coli populations markedly decreased. Furthermore, pathology sections and western blotting results illustrated that rifaximin treatment strengthened the physical barriers of the lung-gut axis through increased expression of tight junction protein in the colon and lungs. These results indicated that rifaximin ameliorated lung and intestine injury induced by influenza virus infection. The mechanisms identified were the regulation of gut flora balance and intestinal and lung permeability, which might be related to the regulation of the gut-lung axis. Rifaximin might be useful as a co-treatment drug for the prevention of influenza virus infection. 相似文献
89.
B. Rivera-Hernández J.J. Obrador-Olán L.A. Aceves-Navarro 《Agricultural Water Management》2010,97(9):1365-5774
In Mexico, corn production, part of which is sweet corn, is mainly destined for human consumption. In the present work, the morphological quality of sweet corn ears was assessed in response to four levels of soil moisture tension indicating irrigation start (−5, −30, −55, and −80 kPa) and three levels of phosphate fertilization (60, 80 and 100 kg ha−1) in carstic soils in the south-east of Mexico. A factorial experimental design with three replicates was used. The following variables were determined: fresh weight (SCFWh), dry weight (SCDWh), diameter (SCDh), and length (SCLh) of sweet corn ears, all without husk, as well as number of kernels (NKxE), number of unfilled kernels (NUK), number of rows (NRxE), and dry kernel weight per ear (DKW). Yield of fresh (YFSCh) and dry (YDSCh) sweet corn ears, both without husk, and the harvest index (HI) were also determined. HI did not show significant statistical differences among irrigation or fertilization treatments. Regarding the other variables, the effect of the more humid treatments (−5 and −30 kPa) and the effect of the higher phosphorus doses (80 and 100 kg ha−1) were statistically equal (P ≤ 0.01) with the lowest NUK and the highest values of all other variables; therefore, irrigation start at soil moisture tension of −30 kPa and phosphate fertilization application of 80 kg ha−1 are recommended. At this level of soil moisture, the mean values over the three fertilization levels and all the replicates, obtained for SCFWh, SCDh, SCLh and NKxE were 198.5 g, 4.39 cm, 26.72 cm and 467 grains, respectively. According to the regression models, moisture tensions from −11.8 to −24.0 kPa, and phosphate fertilization doses from 87.7 to 102.2 kg ha−1 minimize NUK and maximize the values of the rest of the variables. The highest irrigation water use efficiency was found in the moisture tension treatment of −30 kPa with an increase of 27 kg ha−1 ears for each millimeter of applied irrigation water. 相似文献
90.
采用小波变换A Trous算法对小波信号进行分解后,对各小波变换序列进行互相关分析,建立各小波变换序列相应的随机模型,最后采用小波重构算法得到小波随机耦合模型.然后根据查哈阳农场1956-2008年作物生育期月降雨量数据资料,建立了小波随机耦合模型,对模型进行拟合预测精度检验,研究表明该模型拟合预测精度高,能够反映该地区的降雨量变化规律,是一种实用的预报模型.对当地制定合理的灌溉制度和高效利用降水资源具有重要意义. 相似文献